Roll forming is one of the most efficient and cost-effective methods of shaping metals.
However, it isn’t free. So what major factors affect the cost of roll forming? (Hint: Your design choices play a big part in it.)
Roll Forming Costs -- What Gives?
Think of metal forming costs in three ways:
- Setup Time -- Refers to the amount of time it takes to insert and remove the roll tools from the machine.
- Run Speed -- Represents the speed at which you can feed metal through the machine.
- Materials -- Refers to the raw materials needed for the project.
Here is a closer look at each factor along with an explanation of how they affect roll forming costs. Understanding these three aspects will enable you to make the most cost-effective decision.
Setup Time
Setup time refers to the amount of time it takes to put the roll tools into the machine and then take them out. This time will vary based on the complexity of the shapes you’re producing, which relates directly to the number of steps required for tool assembly.
The clock starts when you retrieve the roll dies from storage. Facility organization is the most important factor in retrieval speed - if there’s a repeatable method and clear working space, retrieving roll dies is simple. However, if the plant is cluttered and the workers are disorganized, time will most certainly be wasted.
Inserting the roll dies into the machine is the next hurdle. This time varies depending on the availability of mechanical aids (cranes, hoists) or the number of people used to move the process along.
Lastly, there are multiple components within a roll form machine that affect setup time.
- Pre-punch die design - can have a large impact whether you’re doing multiple small punches or using a large die to do a lot of work in one hit.
- Product shape definition - the complexity of a shape influences the number of roll stations and die spacers needed to form it.
- Cut-off die design - a pure “shear” cut-off, a slug cut-off that produces a scrap “slug” between parts, or a combination cut-off and punching die all have different setup times.
To fully minimize setup time, Dahlstrom deploys multi-person “pit crews” to assemble and disassemble each machine. We also use a consistent assembly technique and our facilities are strictly organized.
As with real pit crews in NASCAR, we seriously consider any down time a major loss for the customer.
Run Speed
Run speed is the rate at which you can feed a strip of metal through the machine.
Once you have the roll dies in place and the steel loaded up, a roll form machine will run at a consistent, rapid pace. The faster it runs, the cheaper the components.
However, there are of course several different factors that influence run speed.
- Machine’s speed limitations -- Just like cars, some roll form machines are initially built to run faster than others.
- Number of roll dies in the sequence -- If a machine only has ten roll die stations, each station is taking 1/10 of the work. In that case, each station is doing more work than a machine with twenty stations, which would only take 1/20 of the work. The less work each station has to do, the faster the metal can run through the machine and still produce a good, stress free part.
- Roll die diameter -- If you remember your high school physics lesson about tangential velocity, you'll understand that larger diameters result in faster run speeds, making them cost effective.
- Length of the final product -- Very short parts take longer to run through a roll form machine. This relates to the time it takes the flying cutoff die carriage to return to the start position before it must accelerate and cut off the next part. Every time the die cuts off a piece of metal, it has to retract back and accelerate to punch the next one. This is why a short part can become the limiting factor.
- Pre-punch strokes -- Since the metal strip needs to stop momentarily to receive its punched features, the more features that can be punched per stop, the faster the parts will run. Dahlstrom die designers make sure punched parts stop for the least amount of time. “Slack loops” in the coil strip between the pre-punch press and the roll forming line allow the roll tools to run continuously… but the loops can only take up so much slack!
- Unloading time -- If a part is extremely heavy or long, it will require mechanical assistance to move from the machine. This can slow the process down as the machinist waits for each piece to be moved.
Materials
Materials make up the bulk of roll forming costs. Raw materials can be anywhere from 40-80% of the final cost.
The cost of a material depends on three factors: material thickness, market cost, and its scrap factor.
A thin, inexpensive material (like thin carbon steel) can take up 40-50% of the cost. If the material is heavy and expensive (copper, bronze, stainless steel), it reaches up to 80% of the total price.
The great thing about custom roll forming is that it produces little scrap - on average, only 0.5 - 3% scrap is produced. This makes it very cost effective, and there won’t be as much monetary or material waste once you buy the materials.
Knowing how critical raw material cost is, Dahlstrom is constantly watching the world metal markets to ensure we take the optimal action for any customer’s supply pipeline.
How to Reduce Per-Part Cost
Overall, custom roll forming is one of the least-wasteful and most-affordable metal manufacturing processes available. We might be a little biased -- but the facts speak for themselves!
To learn more about how you can reduce your per-part cost, download the free e-book below:
(Editor's note: This article was originally published in January 2016 and was recently updated.)
Topics: OEM Roll Forming, Cost
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